Rusorán was born in Budapest[1] and began swimming and playing water polo at the age of nine by Fáklya Opera. In 1952 he switched to Vörös Meteor, and in 1961 to Csepel Autó. In 1969 he moved to Vasas SC, where he finished his playing career in 1972. On club level his biggest achievement is a Hungarian Cup title from 1971.[2] Rusorán played 103 times for the Hungarian water polo team between 1959–1968,[2] and won the bronze medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He played two matches in the tournament and scored six goals. Four years later he was a member of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1964 Olympics.[1] Rusorán contributed with eight goals in six matches to the success, and became the best Hungarian scorer of the championship.[3] In 1965 he also won the Universiade held in his hometown Budapest.

Rusorán was born in Budapest[1] and began swimming and playing water polo at the age of nine by Fáklya Opera. In 1952 he switched to Vörös Meteor, and in 1961 to Csepel Autó. In 1969 he moved to Vasas SC, where he finished his playing career in 1972. On club level his biggest achievement is a Hungarian Cup title from 1971.[2]

Rusorán played 103 times for the Hungarian water polo team between 1959–1968,[2] and won the bronze medal at the 1960 Summer Olympics. He played two matches in the tournament and scored six goals. Four years later he was a member of the Hungarian team which won the gold medal in the 1964 Olympics.[1] Rusorán contributed with eight goals in six matches to the success, and became the best Hungarian scorer of the championship.[3] In 1965 he also won the Universiade held in his hometown Budapest.

Headline Headline

Contrary to common belief, diners did not get their start as retired railroad dining cars. Richard J.S. Guttman, author of “American Diner Then and Now,” who has spent a career dispelling this myth, explained that the original diners were simple lunch wagons pulled by horses. “They were the food trucks of the 19th century,” he said.

Contrary to common belief, diners did not get their start as retired railroad dining cars. Richard J.S. Guttman, author of “American Diner Then and Now,” who has spent a career dispelling this myth, explained that the original diners were simple lunch wagons pulled by horses. “They were the food trucks of the 19th century,” he said.

Contrary to common belief, diners did not get their start as retired railroad dining cars. Richard J.S. Guttman, author of “American Diner Then and Now,” who has spent a career dispelling this myth, explained that the original diners were simple lunch wagons pulled by horses. “They were the food trucks of the 19th century,” he said.

Headline Headline

Contrary to common belief, diners did not get their start as retired railroad dining cars. Richard J.S. Guttman, author of “American Diner Then and Now,” who has spent a career dispelling this myth, explained that the original diners were simple lunch wagons pulled by horses. “They were the food trucks of the 19th century,” he said.

Contrary to common belief, diners did not get their start as retired railroad dining cars. Richard J.S. Guttman, author of “American Diner Then and Now,” who has spent a career dispelling this myth, explained that the original diners were simple lunch wagons pulled by horses. “They were the food trucks of the 19th century,” he said.

Contrary to common belief, diners did not get their start as retired railroad dining cars. Richard J.S. Guttman, author of “American Diner Then and Now,” who has spent a career dispelling this myth, explained that the original diners were simple lunch wagons pulled by horses. “They were the food trucks of the 19th century,” he said.

Special counsel Robert Mueller is investigating whether President Donald Trump and his campaign coordinated with Russia to help him win the 2016 presidential election — and also whether Trump tried to obstruct that investigation.

Over the past year and a half, the complex investigation has led to charges, guilty pleas, cooperation deals and prison sentences. The developments have dominated political headlines worldwide through the 2018 midterm elections and into the new Democratic control of the House of Representatives.

Here’s what you need to know about major moments in the Mueller investigation.

With The Associated Press

Mueller investigation timeline Key dates in the special counsel's probe into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. election.

• 2006
• 2010
• 2014
• 2015
• 2016
• 2017
• 2018
• 2019

01 January 2006

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Manafort and Gates begin work for a pro-Russian political party

Paul Manafort and Rick Gates begin work as consultants for a pro-Russian political party in Ukraine led by former Prime Minister Viktor Yanukovych.

07 February 2010

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Yanukovych elected president of Ukraine

Viktor Yanukovych is elected president of Ukraine.

01 February 2014

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Yanukovych flees Ukraine

After violent clashes between protesters and police, Yanukovych flees Ukraine and enters exile in Russia. The U.S. government later opens an investigation into Manafort’s foreign lobbying and political work.

16 June 2015

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Trump announces candidacy

Donald Trump announces his candidacy for president as a Republican.

01 September 2015

FBI warns DNC about Russian hackers

The FBI contacts the Democratic National Committee’s IT help desk, cautioning that at least one computer has been compromised by Russian hackers. A technician scans the system but fails to find evidence of the intrusion.

01 March 2016

Papadopoulos meets with associates of Russian government

Manafort joins Trump campaign as a volunteer consultant. George Papadopoulos is named one of five foreign policy advisers to the campaign and meets with people associated with the Russia government amid discussions to set up a meeting between Trump and Russian President Vladimir Putin.

01 April 2016

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Papadopoulos meets with Russian national offering 'dirt' on Clinton

Papadopoulos meets with Russian national who he says offered “dirt” on Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, including thousands of emails. Papadopoulos emails other members of Trump campaign about Russian offer of dirt on Clinton and offer for Trump to meet with Putin. The Democratic National Committee becomes aware of the scope of the monthslong intrusion into its email systems by hackers U.S. intelligence agencies later linked to the Russian government.

01 May 2016

Manafort promoted

Manafort is promoted to campaign chairman and chief strategist.

01 June 2016

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Meeting at Trump Tower with Russian lawyer

Manafort attends a meeting at Trump Tower in Manhattan with a Russian lawyer named Natalia Veselnitskaya, who promised to provide the Trump campaign damaging information about Clinton. Donald Trump Jr. and Jared Kushner are also in the meeting. WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange says his website will publish a batch of Clinton emails.

01 July 2016

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Trump gets GOP nomination

Trump becomes the Republican nominee for president. In a speech the following week, Trump encourages Russians to release hacked Clinton emails. The FBI opens an investigation into the Russian government’s attempt to influence the election, including whether members of Trump’s campaign are involved.

01 August 2016

NYT reports that Manafort’s name is on secret list

The New York Times reports that Manafort’s name appears on a secret list of payments made by the Yanukovych regime. Manafort resigns from the Trump campaign the day after The Associated Press reports he failed to register as a foreign agent after arranging a covert lobbying campaign in the United States on behalf of the Ukrainian party.

01 November 2016

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Trump elected president

Donald Trump wins the presidential election.

06 January 2017

Comey briefs Trump on dossier

FBI Director James Comey, who was overseeing the ongoing investigation into Russian meddling in the 2016 presidential election, briefs Trump on contents of unverified dossier that contains salacious allegations about him and his campaign.

13 January 2017

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Senate launches probe

The U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence launches an investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential campaign and possible links between Russia and political campaigns.

20 January 2017

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Trump's inauguration

Trump is inaugurated as 45th President of the United States.

25 January 2017

House announces its investigation

The House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence announces its own investigation.

27 January 2017

Papadopoulos interviewed by FBI

Papadopoulos is interviewed by the FBI about his contacts with Russians.

01 May 2017

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Comey out, Mueller in

Trump fires Comey. Former FBI Director Robert Mueller is appointed as special counsel to take over the probe.

01 June 2017

Manafort files paperwork with DOJ

Manafort files paperwork with the Justice Department retroactively disclosing under the Foreign Agents Registration Act that his firm received more than $17 million working for the government of Ukraine between 2012 and 2014. The Washington Post reports that Mueller is investigating Trump for obstruction of justice.

01 July 2017

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FBI conducts raid at Manafort’s home

FBI agents conduct a raid at former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort’s home in Alexandria, Virginia. Papadopoulos is arrested by the FBI at Dulles International Airport.

01 August 2017

Mueller impanels grand jury

Mueller impanels a criminal grand jury in Washington, D.C.

01 October 2017

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Papadopoulos pleads guilty

Papadopoulos pleads guilty to making false statements to the FBI, as part of apparent agreement to cooperate with Mueller’s investigation. Mueller files 12-count criminal indictments against Manafort and Gates.

30 October 2017

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Manafort, Gates charged

Manafort and Gates plead not guilty after their arrest on charges related to conspiracy against the United States and other felonies. The charges are the first from the special counsel investigating possible coordination between the Trump campaign and Russia.

01 December 2017

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Flynn pleads guilty

Michael Flynn, the retired general who vigorously campaigned at Trump's side and then served as his first national security adviser, pleads guilty to lying to the FBI about reaching out to the Russians on Trump's behalf and says members of the president's inner circle were intimately involved with — and at times directing — his contacts. He agrees to cooperate with the special counsel's office.

20 February 2018

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Prominent attorney pleads guilty

Mueller charges a prominent attorney, Alex van der Zwaan, with lying to authorities about his work with two of Trump's former campaign aides. Van der Zwaan, 33, a Dutch national, pleads guilty in federal court to charges that he lied to investigators about his conversations with Gates.

23 February 2018

Gates pleads guilty

Gates pleads guilty to federal conspiracy and false-statements charges. With his cooperation, Gates gives Mueller a witness willing to provide information on Manafort's finances and political consulting work in Ukraine — and someone who had access at the highest levels of Trump's 2016 presidential campaign.

03 April 2018

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First punishment handed down

Alex van der Zwaan is sentenced to 30 days in prison in the first punishment handed down in the investigation. He was also ordered to pay a $20,000 fine.

13 July 2018

12 Russian officers charged with hacking

A Mueller indictment charges twelve Russian military intelligence officers with hacking into the Clinton presidential campaign and the Democratic Party and releasing tens of thousands of private communications in a sweeping conspiracy by the Kremlin to meddle in the 2016 election. The indictment represents Mueller's first charges against Russian government officials.

16 July 2018

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Trump meets with Putin

Trump meets with Putin in Helsinki, Finland. Trump says Putin made an "incredible offer" to help American investigators in their prosecution of the 12 Russian intelligence officers.

21 August 2018

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Manafort found guilty

Manafort is found guilty of eight financial crimes in the first trial victory of the special counsel investigation into the president's associates. A judge declares a mistrial on 10 other counts the jury could not agree on.

14 September 2018

Manafort agrees to cooperate

Manafort agrees to cooperate with Mueller's investigation as he pleads guilty to federal crimes and avoids a second trial that could have exposed him to more time in prison. Manafort pleaded guilty to two charges of conspiracy in relation to his lobbying work with pro-Russian groups in Ukraine.

10 October 2018

California man sentenced to prison

Richard Pinedo, a California man who pleaded guilty in February 2018 to unwittingly helping the Russian election disruption efforts by trading in stolen identifications and bank account numbers, is sentenced to 6 months in prison.

06 November 2018

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Democrats retake the House

Democrats retake the U.S. House of Representatives in midterm elections, gaining control of key investigatory committees.

07 November 2018

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Sessions resigns

Attorney General Jeff Sessions resigns as the country's chief law enforcement officer at Trump's request. Sessions announced his plan to resign in a letter to the White House, the day after the midterm election. Trump announces in a tweet that Sessions' chief of staff Matt Whitaker would become the new acting attorney general with authority to oversee the remainder of Mueller's investigation.

16 November 2018

Trump cooperates with the investigation

Trump says he has finished his answers to questions posed by Mueller. He says four days later that he has provided them to the special counsel, the first time he has directly cooperated.

23 November 2018

Corsi reportedly in plea talks with Mueller's team

Jerome Corsi, a conservative writer and associate of Trump confidant Roger Stone, tells The Associated Press that he is in plea talks with Mueller’s team. Mueller’s team questioned Corsi as part of an investigation into Stone’s connections with WikiLeaks.

26 November 2018

Mueller accuses Manafort of violating plea agreement

Mueller accuses Manafort of violating his plea agreement by repeatedly lying to federal investigators, an extraordinary allegation that could expose him to a lengthier prison sentence and potentially more criminal charges. Papadopoulos begins serving his two-week prison sentence after a judge rejects his last-minute bid to remain free.

29 November 2018

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Cohen confesses

Cohen confesses in an unexpected guilty plea that he lied to Congress in 2017 out of “loyalty” to Trump about a project his company tried to develop in Moscow in 2016 as he ran for president. Cohen says he falsely claimed that talks about the project ended in January 2016, when they in fact continued until that June.

03 December 2018

Twitter

Trump weighs in on Cohen

Trump calls for a "full and complete" sentence for Cohen.

04 December 2018

Prosecutors speak out on Flynn's cooperation

Prosecutors say Flynn provided so much information to the investigation that he shouldn't do any prison time.

07 December 2018

Court filings reveal contact between Trump associates, Russian intermediaries

Federal prosecutors urge a "substantial" prison term for Cohen. Court filings from New York prosecutors and Mueller’s office reveal for the first time contacts between Trump associates and Russian intermediaries, with Cohen described as being in touch with a Russian offering "political synergy" as far back as 2015. In describing how Manafort breached a plea agreement, Mueller says Manafort told "multiple discernible lies" to prosecutors about his contacts with the Trump administration and an associate with alleged ties to Russian intelligence. Papadopolous is released from jail after serving a two-week sentence.

12 December 2018

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Cohen sentenced to prison

Cohen is sentenced to 3 years in prison in federal court in Manhattan for crimes that included efforts to hide the president's Russia business dealings and alleged extramarital affairs with a porn star and a model. U.S. District Judge William H. Pauley III's sentence dashed Cohen's bid to avoid prison by aiding federal prosecutors and Mueller. Cohen accused Trump of directing hush-money payments to the two women that violated election laws. Cohen also pleaded guilty to tax and bank fraud charges and lying to Congress. "While Mr. Cohen has taken steps to mitigate his criminal conduct ... that does not wipe the slate clean," said Pauley, blasting Cohen's "greed and ambition" and the "insidious harm" he inflicted on democratic institutions. The judge also ordered a $100,000 fine and a March 6 surrender. Cohen, in an emotional statement before the judge sentenced him, apologized to his family and denounced Trump for inspiring "blind loyalty" that led down a "path of darkness over light."

18 December 2018

Flynn's sentencing delayed

A federal judge sharply rebukes Flynn and unexpectedly delays sentencing him after warning he could go to prison for lying to the FBI about his contacts with the Russian ambassador. Prosecutors from Mueller's team had recommended leniency.

20 December 2018

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AP: Whitaker chose not to recuse himself from probe

A senior official tells The Associated Press that Whitaker chose not to recuse himself from the Russia investigation even though a top Justice Department ethics official advised him to step aside out of an "abundance of caution."

04 January 2019

Grand jury's term extended

The chief federal judge in Washington extends the term of the grand jury used by Mueller, a sign that the probe will continue for at least several months.

08 January 2019

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Filing reveals Manafort shared polling data

A defense filing inadvertently reveals that Manafort shared polling data during the 2016 presidential campaign with Konstantin Kilimnik, a Russian-Ukrainian business associate accused of having ties to Russian intelligence, and prosecutors say he lied to them about it. It is the first time that prosecutors with Mueller’s office have accused Trump’s chief campaign aide of sharing election-related information with his Russian contacts.

09 January 2019

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AP: Rosenstein expected to leave

A person familiar with the plans tells The Associated Press that Rod Rosenstein is expected to leave his position soon after William Barr, Trump’s nominee for attorney general, is confirmed.

10 January 2019

Cohen says he will testify before House committee

Cohen says he will testify publicly before the House Oversight and Reform Committee, newly led by Democrats, on Feb. 7.

11 January 2019

NYT reports FBI began investigating Trump

The New York Times reports that FBI officials began investigating whether Trump "had been working on behalf of Russia against American interests" after he fired Comey. Mueller took over the investigation, and it is unclear whether Mueller is still investigating that, The Times reported.

12 January 2019

Washington Post: Trump concealed details of Putin talks

The Washington Post reports that Trump concealed details of his conversations with Putin, including taking the notes of an interpreter.

15 January 2019

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Barr's confirmation hearing

Barr appears before the Senate Judiciary Committee for his confirmation hearing. He says he doesn’t believe Mueller "would be involved in a witch hunt."

18 January 2019

Mueller’s office responds to BuzzFeed News report

Mueller’s office issues a rare public statement disputing the accuracy of a BuzzFeed News report that said Cohen told Mueller that the president directed him to lie to Congress. BuzzFeed, citing two unidentified law enforcement officials, reported that Trump directed Cohen to lie to Congress about a Moscow real estate project and that Cohen told Mueller the president personally instructed him to lie about the timing of the deal. The report said Mueller’s investigators learned about Trump’s directive “through interviews with multiple witnesses from the Trump Organization and internal company emails, text messages, and a cache of other documents.” Mueller's office does not cite specific errors, but the special counsel’s spokesman, Peter Carr, says, “BuzzFeed’s description of specific statements to the special counsel’s office, and characterization of documents and testimony obtained by this office, regarding Michael Cohen’s congressional testimony are not accurate.”

23 January 2019

Cohen postpones testimony to Congress

Cohen postpones his testimony to Congress, citing threats Trump made against his family "due to ongoing threats against his family from President Trump and Giuliani," Cohen's spokesman says.

25 January 2019

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FBI arrests Roger Stone

Roger Stone, a longtime Trump adviser, is arrested by the FBI in a predawn raid at his Florida home on several criminal charges stemming from Mueller's investigation. Stone is charged in a seven-count indictment with witness tampering, obstruction and false statements about his interactions related to the release by WikiLeaks of hacked emails during the 2016 presidential election. Some of those false statements were made to the House intelligence committee, according to the indictment. Stone had said for months that he was prepared to be charged, though he denied any wrongdoing.

28 January 2019

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The investigation is 'close to being completed'

Whitaker says of Mueller's probe, "The investigation is, I think, close to being completed," at an unrelated news conference. He says he has been "fully briefed," but does not elaborate or give any timetable. Cohen agrees to talk to the House Intelligence Committee on Feb. 8 in closed-door testimony.

04 February 2019

Subpoena for documents from Trump’s inaugural committee

The U.S. Attorney’s Office in Manhattan issues a subpoena seeking documents from Trump’s inaugural committee.

05 February 2019

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Trump's State of the Union

In his State of the Union address, Trump takes aim at Mueller's Russia probe and a series of other investigations House Democrats have promised, labeling them "ridiculous partisan investigations."

08 February 2019

National Enquirer secretly assisted Trump’s campaign

Two people tell The Associated Press that federal prosecutors are looking into the National Enquirer's handling of a story about Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos' extramarital affair to see if the tabloid's publisher violated a cooperation agreement with prosecutors. The tabloid acknowledged secretly assisting Trump’s White House campaign by paying $150,000 to Playboy centerfold Karen McDougal for the rights to her story about an alleged affair with Trump. The company then buried the story until after the 2016 election. Cohen pleaded guilty to charges that included helping to broker that transaction.

11 February 2019

Cohen delays testimony

Cohen again delays his testimony.

13 February 2019

Judge rules Manafort intentionally lied

A district judge rules that Manafort intentionally lied to investigators and a federal grand jury in the Mueller investigation. The four-page ruling hurts Manafort’s chance of receiving a reduced sentence. The ruling was largely a rejection of Manafort’s attorneys’ argument that he hadn’t intentionally misled investigators about his interactions with Kilimnik but rather forgot some details until his memory was refreshed.

14 February 2019

Barr sworn in as attorney general

Edwin recalled the afternoon in 2005 when he decided to join the MS-13 gang as a personal low point. He was 14, recently arrived on Long Island, and hating his life.

A group of boys who belonged to the SWP gang had been harassing him in the hallways, cafeteria and locker rooms at Turtle Hook Middle School in Uniondale.

They called him names, pushed him and pinned him against walls and, when no adults were around, punched him. Even though they were immigrants too, they used expletives to berate him as an immigrant, mocked his inability to speak English, commented on his unfashionable clothes and dubbed him "primo"— literally "cousin," which he said was a demeaning term for a "hick."

Edwin, who asked to not be identified by his full or street names, had been leaving school in a rush to avoid his assailants, but that day about 10 of them waited on his path. One called him out to fight. He said he couldn’t turn around without looking like a coward.

They got down to it, and when Edwin landed punches, the other boys jumped him. They were punching and kicking him senseless and he thought he was going to die.

Then, something of a miracle happened. He remembers seeing a souped-up Toyota 4Runner SUV pull up out of nowhere and stop. His attackers ran. A tough-looking guy in his 30s told him in Spanish "Súbete" — to hop in the car.

"To this day I don’t know who he was," Edwin said.

The man revealed that he was an MS-13 member in Hempstead. He delivered him to safety.

Thus began Edwin’s devotion to an organization that largely bypasses the sustaining criminal rackets of other gangs for a loyalty built on crude violence, with a lure so potent it has enabled it to regroup despite decades of crackdowns. Only a turn toward religion while he was in the depths of sadness and depression enabled him to escape this life and replace it with something better.

An unknown newcomer

When MS-13 first arrived on Long Island, it would have been hard to imagine Edwin being drawn to the gang.

The landscape was populated by the Latin Kings, Legion of Doom, the then-emerging Bloods and Crips and other rivals. John Oliva, a retired Suffolk County detective who specialized in gangs, remembers driving north on Crooked Hill Road in Brentwood in 1996 when he first saw the blue letters “M” and “S” with the number “13,” painted 2 feet high on the side of a building.

The graffiti was a head-scratcher. He had no idea that it signified the arrival of a gang that was uniquely violent in a very violent world.

The Mara Salvatrucha — slang for "Salvadoran gang," as the MS-13 is also known — has its origins in Los Angeles. There, young Salvadorans who had fled the civil war in their country from the 1970s and ’80s felt threatened and outnumbered by Mexican gangs and banded together, gang experts and federal government agencies have said.

The gang sunk roots in El Salvador after gang members were deported and set up operations there, but it spread internationally as well — growing throughout Central America and the United States, with many members concentrated in parts of New York, Virginia and Washington, D.C.

Those are places where large populations of immigrants from Central America have flocked, fleeing poverty as well as the threat of violence associated with the gang.

Since Oliva’s first sighting, Long Island has turned into a hive of activity for MS-13.

County police officials have recently estimated membership at 500 in Nassau County and about 600 in Suffolk County, though one federal prosecutor speaking at a roundtable with President Donald Trump earlier this year stated that "2,000 are estimated to be right here in Long Island." Nationwide, the estimate is 10,000.

Its growth, resilience and trademark viciousness have all surprised experts more used to gangs supporting themselves through entrenched criminal enterprises and using violence to support their rackets.

‘It’s not about creating a powerful criminal structure… It’s about proving their self-worth within this perverted social structure, and a lot of that has to do with violence.’ -Steven S. Dudley, American University researcher

Although MS-13 leaders have been trying to develop a more sophisticated and lucrative operation, the gang has traditionally not run large-scale criminal enterprises that would put it in competition with cartels, according to gang experts. Members are usually involved in low-level drug dealing and extortion, and most work at menial jobs.

Steven S. Dudley, an American University researcher who has investigated the gang under a U.S. Department of Justice grant, said that the motives of MS-13 members are more petty and personal.

"It’s not about creating a powerful criminal structure," he said. "It’s about proving their self-worth within this perverted social structure, and a lot of that has to do with violence."

The gang’s Long Island rampage reached a peak in 2016 and 2017, with a score of killings linked to MS-13 in both counties.

There were hackings with machetes, knives and other cutting tools, beatings with baseball bats, and the occasional shooting. Bodies were found in shallow graves in the woods. Some were killed in or near residential streets.

The gang as family

Simple protection, rather than anything that wanton, is what Edwin says drew him to the gang toward the end of his first school year. He said he wanted to emulate the mysterious figure who rescued him.

He had not been exposed to gangs in El Salvador, because he grew up more than two hours from the gritty neighborhoods in the capital of San Salvador that served as their wellsprings. But after his encounters with the Uniondale boys, he decided that he couldn’t go it alone.

"I thought, ‘This is the solution so that I can be protected in school,’" he said.

Edwin went home, logged onto MySpace and started searching. He found a profile for an MS-13 clique in nearby Westbury and chatted with the person running it. He soon knew all he needed to know: If he joined, the group would have his back.

These days, Edwin doesn’t look threatening, but he says he ran with the worst of them. He’s 27, easy to smile, even shy; slender and 5 feet, 7 inches tall.

While sipping agave lemonade at a Panera in Bay Shore, he displayed a photo from those days, wearing a sporty shirt several times bigger than his size and hugging a girl, his eyes hardened into what he described as "a look that could kill."

Edwin agreed to discuss his past because he wants others to know that he turned his life around and that it is possible for them.

He builds concrete patios, driveways and paths during the day. On nights and weekends, he’s dedicated to prayer, preaching and worship at an evangelical Hispanic church in the Town of Islip.

Edwin said he was 13 when he and an older teenage sister journeyed about 25 days from their rural village in Chalatenango, El Salvador, through the length of Mexico to the U.S. border, which they crossed illegally into Texas.

Like the thousands of unaccompanied minors who have made that trek to Long Island, they sought to reunite with a mother they had not seen in years and a father he had never met, Edwin said. Once they made it here, they realized their mom and dad had split and started new families.

They went to live in Uniondale with their dad, who he said had paid to smuggle them, but he seemed uninterested in them. If he wasn’t out working, he was out drinking, and he would arrive in a foul mood and become verbally abusive, Edwin said.

Edwin would find his family, instead, in the gang.

Back in those days when he first approached MS-13, he said, he took a taxi from school with his dad’s money and went to hang out with gang members at a Westbury street that was their hangout spot. He felt accepted, and he returned, again and again.

To prove their allegiance, prospective homeboys — as top members are called — are expected to commit a violent crime against a perceived gang enemy and to endure a 13-second beating by their clique. There are a variety of explanations for why the number 13 has significance to the gang, from the prosaic — that "M" is the thirteenth letter — to the supernatural — that the number carries magical and even demonic power.

According to police accounts, young women have had to submit to gang rape to be accepted as homegirls.

Edwin was eventually permitted to join the Normandie Locotes Salvatruchas, a clique from El Salvador and Los Angeles that was then one the gang’s most feared cells.

He endured a traditional initiation beating by about a dozen members as one slowly counted, telling himself he’d rather take those punches and kicks one time than be abused, attacked and belittled every day. Uno, dos, tres . . .  all the way to 13, as is the norm.

He said he learned the hand sign of the Devil’s Horns, dressed in trademark loose shirts and blue Nikes, and carried a blue bandanna that he let hang from a back pocket.

Edwin bears the physical and emotional scars from those years. He compares the gang to a satanic cult, with its adoration of thug life, gang signs, devilish tattoos and graffiti.

Across a restaurant table, he quickly put his hands together — his index fingers pointing out, the middle and ring fingers hidden, his pinkies and thumbs curled into semicircles — and asked: "What do you think this is?"

His answer: It’s Satan’s face.

‘Wherever I arrived, people respected me.’ -Edwin

He said that when he started looking the part and telling others that he was a Normandie guy, he noticed an immediate change of attitude. The bullying stopped. Other boys made way for him in the hallways. Girls looked at him differently.

"Wherever I arrived, people respected me," Edwin recalled. "They offered me beer, girls, drugs . . . There were a bunch of girls. Those girls love to hang out with mareros," as gang members are known among Central Americans. "It was like achieving a rank for some of them."

He didn’t want to go into detail about some gang activities, saying that life is behind him, but he did discuss how he found himself enmeshed in the group’s violent culture.

Joining the gang gave Edwin his revenge. He and his crew jumped guys who had bothered him. He won’t say much about those incidents, other than he’s ashamed of them.

Becoming a gang member created its own problems. He became a moving target for other gangs and he learned not to go out alone. He started carrying a serrated knife. Others kept longer bladed weapons, including machetes.

He said the purpose of using knives rather than guns was to avoid capture. They knew that Nassau police, and later Suffolk, had installed ShotSpotter soundwave detectors at undisclosed locations to pinpoint where gunshots were fired. Cops would respond quickly to citizen reports of "shots fired." Fistfights and stabbings left time to escape.

Membership in the gang had its requirements. Soldiers couldn’t wear other gangs’ colors, couldn’t deny membership in MS-13 if asked, and had to attend meetings in the Hicksville woods twice a week. They had to join in beatings of rivals and go on the hunt for them if told to do so. They had to take part in the initiation and punishment of members, boys or girls.

He said each clique has rules. Normandie girls weren’t sexually assaulted, he said. Instead, they were beaten up by other girls in an equivalent initiation rite to the males’.

‘The gangs don’t bother people just for the sake of it … That’s the law of the gang.’ -Edwin

He doesn’t know, though, how recent cliques, such as the Sailors or Leeward implicated in the recent murders of 2016 and 2017 in Brentwood and Central Islip, operate or whether they followed the same code of honor. Those cliques were not as prominent when he was active.

And while law-enforcement authorities have not linked all recent victims to gang activity, Edwin maintains that the MS-13 members he knew didn’t attack people who weren’t part of that life. He said some of his clique members were punished for getting into fights outside their turf wars. "The gangs don’t bother people just for the sake of it," he said. "That’s the law of the gang."

Edwin said he was locked up seven times at juvenile facilities, mostly in Nassau County, and that five orders of protection were filed against him to protect other young people who had come to fear him. His arrests couldn’t be verified because juvenile arrest records are kept confidential.

"You have to show," he said, "that you are willing to do whatever for the group."

He told this story: In 2008 he and his crew staked out a house where members of the rival 18th Street gang were living. They wore hoods and bandannas and disguised their faces. When the other teenagers came out they went at them, ready to cause serious injuries, but their rivals ran to a car and took off.

They left a person behind, though — a girlfriend of one gang member who was paralyzed with fear. Edwin said he egged on his girlfriend to give her a beating. Some Normandie clique members watched; others vandalized the house.

The incident did not end there. He was later identified as being involved, allegedly by another MS-13 member who was in custody. Nassau police detectives came to his father’s house weeks later, looking for him, and arrested him on the spot. They locked up his sister as well, even though he still says she wasn’t there, and that she paid for the assault that his then-girlfriend committed.

At the precinct where he was processed, Edwin said, he saw an MS-13 member who he suspected was the snitch. Edwin and another MS-13 member spotted him on the street later. He recalls hitting him with a bottle and how they punched him near unconscious. His accomplice pulled out a long blade and was going to kill him, but, Edwin said, he stopped him.

He claimed he never went as far as murder.

Edwin said he and his clique members would often just get together and drink Coronas.

He remembers snorting cocaine with them, first because it helped him enjoy the alcohol without getting sick. That led to binging on the white powder. He overdosed more than once and fell, foaming at the mouth and convulsing. His homies watched over him and fed him milk, an ineffective street remedy, to try to help him recover, he said.

He would steal, he would threaten others and he would fight to get what he wanted. He said he stole from relatives, including cocaine from his dad. The worst thing that happened, he said, was when a cousin of his who was not an MS-13 member was killed in a Westbury shooting because, as Edwin told it, rival gang members had seen them hanging out together.

Still, Edwin saw himself as a soldier of the Mara Salvatrucha. He joined in bar fights and jailhouse melees against others from the 18th Street, Trinitarios, Latin Kings, Bloods and Crips gangs. For many of those fights he only remembers throwing punches and getting punched.

Skin on his right forearm looks like the stitched hide of a football, a mark from one such fight at a Hempstead nightclub. He had been with his crew, drinking and having a good time, when young men arrived and started throwing hand signs, he said. They were Trinitarios — largely a Dominican gang that this June gained considerable notoriety in the mistaken identity killing of Lesandro Guzman-Feliz, 15, stabbed with knives and machetes at a bodega in the Bronx. Their hand gestures were a way to claim territory and disrespect his clique, Edwin said.

This meant they had to fight. He doesn’t remember how it happened, but one of them broke his right arm, and he later took himself to the hospital. The scar is a reminder of where a metal rod was inserted to repair the injury.

Another time, he said, a group of rival gang members found him walking around Uniondale alone and they pummeled him so hard that he was bleeding from his ears. He ran down Jerusalem Avenue while his assailants chased him wielding machetes. He made it to a gas station. Police arrived and, though he didn’t know who had called them, he said he was relieved that they arrested some of his attackers.

He remembers one of them, a member of the 18th Street gang, turning to him when they ran into each other in court and telling him in Spanish: Sí te vas a morir.

Rough translation: You are going to die, for sure.

‘My relatives called me a black sheep and they told me I was going to die in the streets.’ -Edwin

The episode helped cement in Edwin’s mind what he was facing, but he didn’t yet see a way out. As he explains it today, there were three possible destinations for an MS-13 gang member: prison, the hospital or the cemetery.

He may have been living the party life with his brethren, spending time with lots of girls, as he put it. But deep inside, Edwin said, he was consumed by sadness. 

Through the times in and out of jail, the constant demand for loyalty, and growing mistrust of other gang members, he came to feel that no one cared about him and that he didn’t care either.

He had lost the trust of his real family.

"My relatives called me a black sheep and they told me I was going to die in the streets," he said. "At one point I felt so alone . . . I was drinking and doing drugs by myself and I would just start crying and I wanted to kill myself."

A leap of faith

When locked up at juvenile detention facility in upstate Dutchess County, he took well to the discipline. He had to get up early, do his bed, tuck his shirt, walk straight and behave well if he wanted to get out.

He noticed visiting preachers who talked about a new life.

Having no one else, he turned to God.

He found himself looking to the forest through the bars of a small window, crying out for forgiveness.

He eventually moved in with an aunt in Bay Shore to get away. He noticed that a girl he friended on Facebook was posting about her faith.

Edwin asked her where she worshipped. He showed up one day at a Spanish-language service, led by a Salvadoran pastor. Churchgoers greeted him as if they had been glad to see him. He felt their acceptance and returned to other services. As the pastor tells it, Edwin broke down during a retreat.

"I remember the way he cried. He was bawling because his repentance was genuine," the pastor said in Spanish. "The first thing he did was to forgive his parents because he was full of hate for them."

Newsday is withholding the name of the church to protect Edwin’s anonymity.

In joining, Edwin took advantage of what he came to know was an accepted way out in MS-13 culture. He said the gang allows members to leave if they commit themselves to a Christian life and truly start anew. Some call former members like him "calmados" or "calmed ones."

‘[Edwin] was bawling because his repentance was genuine … The first thing he did was to forgive his parents because he was full of hate for them.’ -Pastor at Edwin’s church

His church works to reach young people who are lost, the pastor said. It offers them youth Bible study groups in Spanish, Christian parties featuring reggaetón and hip-hop with uplifting messages, outings to parks, a competitive soccer league. About 60 young people have renounced the street life through the church, the pastor said.

Edwin, among them, is a church leader.

"Many of these young people have lacked father figures, they have lacked love, they have lacked identity," the pastor said. "When they come to the church we know they need us to receive them with open arms, not to be rejected, and that we need to work to help them find their true identity, to let them know that they didn’t come to this world to be violent, but that God has a purpose for them and it’s a good one."

His aunt said Edwin’s transformation has benefited his family and others. He’s become a role model to young relatives, including her 15-year-old son, who started high school this September.

"He didn’t let himself be defeated by vice, by the gangs or by Satan," the aunt, who is 53 and works cleaning houses, said in Spanish. She asked to remain anonymous.

Feride Castillo — co-founder of the nonprofit Empowerment Collaborative of Long Island, which works with youth trapped in the cycle of school truancy, gang involvement and substance abuse — said other programs outside of churches can also help those teens renounce the gang life.

"There are some who are far gone, and we know that because they have committed heinous crimes," Castillo said. "And then there are the guys who want what comes along with being part of a gang, the power, the respect and feeling they want to be a part of something, and those are the ones we can reach." 

They need access to programs, she said, where they can be listened to and where they can start to envision a way forward.

It’s been three years since Edwin found his path.

On a recent Thursday evening, he preached to three girls and seven boys, all Salvadoran teens, gathered in a small living room and kitchenette in a second-floor Bay Shore apartment.

It was a steamy night. The door was open and the sound of rushing cars on Sunrise Highway and the summer crickets out in the yard blended with his voice. He closed his eyes and sought to convey his emotion through a crescendo of prayer.

"Father of glory," he pleaded on the youth’s behalf. "May they keep striving, let them not be lost, let them not be dragged by the currents of this world."

If all you see is a hijab, a turban and a beard, you’re missing the doctor, the businessman and the rabbi underneath.

When Uzma Syed, Bobby Singh, Patricia Mitchell, Matthew Payamps and Anchelle Perl get up in the morning, what they put on their bodies is in large part determined by their faith. What you may not notice is the creativity, emotion and pride weaved in.

These Long Islanders can face misconceptions and in some cases prejudice. But in a time of political divisiveness and harsh rhetoric, faith unites them all.

If you’d like to share your story of faith with us, please email editor@newsday.com.

Story by Rachel Weiss. Photographs and video by Tulika Bose.

Produced by Anahita Pardiwalla and Heather Doyle.